The primary risk factor for development of CDI is the antibiotic use. In 2015, the estimated healthcare cost related to CDI was approximately $4.8 billion ( 2). This is in part due to rampant use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and aging population with multiple comorbid illnesses. Hospitalizations for CDI have doubled since the year 2000, and are projected to increase ( 3). death certificates revealed that CDI was associated with approximately 14,000 deaths, making CDI a leading cause of gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the U.S. The clinical effects of CD infection (CDI) range from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis leading to death. The bacterium can be traced back to the early 1900s and, in Europe and North America, is now one of the leading causes of the hospital-acquired infections in the US ( 1). Received: 23 January 2018 Accepted: 05 February 2018 Published: 03 March 2018.Ĭlostridium difficile (CD) is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that exists in either a vegetative or spore form. Keywords: Clostridium difficile (CD) laboratory diagnosis culture assay Future studies for CDI diagnosis are looking toward toxin identification and the use of metabolomic analysis. Current Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines recommend using nucleic acid amplification tests or glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen followed by EIA testing for CD toxin A and B. Toxigenic culture is useful to determine the cytopathic effect of the bacteria. Culture, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), and molecular assays are useful for diagnosis of CDI. Bacterial culture can be performed for epidemiological and antibiogram purposes during outbreaks of CDI. Accurate diagnosis of CDI depends on early recognition of clinical symptoms of diarrhea, fever, and cramps especially after antibiotic use. Infection with CD can cause clinical manifestations in a spectrum from asymptomatic carrier states to pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research MisconductĪbstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious and sometimes life-threatening illness caused by toxin release from Clostridium difficile (CD), a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.
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